Dynamic Chunked Pipeline Parallel

Note

For design details and mathematical models, see Design Document. For deployment tutorial, see Dynamic Chunked Pipeline Parallel Tutorial.

Overview

Dynamic Chunked Pipeline Parallel (CPP) is a profiling-based dynamic chunking strategy that optimizes prefill performance for long sequences in Pipeline Parallelism (PP) scenarios.

When to Use

• Variable-length sequence serving: PP does not introduce degradation on short sequences, and gains benefits through dynamic chunks on long sequences.

• Ultra-long sequence inference: For sequences exceeding single-machine memory capacity (e.g., 1M tokens), dynamic chunking significantly reduces pipeline idle time.

Supported Scenarios

Currently CPP mainly focuses on optimization during the prefill phase. It is better to be used in PD disaggregation scenarios. Supported features are as follows:

	Eager	Graph	Prefix Cache	Chunked Prefill
CPP	✅	✅	✅	✅

How to Enable

Online Serving

vllm serve <model_path> \
    --pipeline-parallel-size 2 \
    --enable-chunked-prefill \
    --additional-config '{"profiling_chunk_config": {"enabled": true}}'

Offline Inference

from vllm import LLM

llm = LLM(
    model="<model_path>",
    pipeline_parallel_size=2,
    additional_config={"profiling_chunk_config": {"enabled": True}},
)

Configuration Parameters

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
enabled	bool	False	Enable/disable Dynamic Chunked Pipeline Parallel
smooth_factor	float	1.0	Smoothing factor (0 < x ≤ 1.0). Higher values trust dynamic prediction more
min_chunk	int	4096	Minimum chunk size for dynamic calculation
need_timing	bool	True	Enable/disable Online Calibration

Parameter Tuning

• smooth_factor: Controls trust level in dynamic prediction

  • 1.0: Strictly follow model prediction

  • 0.6~0.85: Balance dynamic adjustment and scheduling overhead

  • 0.0: No dynamic adjustment (degrades to fixed chunking)

• min_chunk: Generally doesn’t need adjustment. Should be smaller than max-num-batched-tokens

Recommended Settings

max-num-batched-tokens

Notably, the TTFT of CPP is very sensitive to max-num-batched-tokens (considered the initial chunksize for dynamic solving). Because if it is too large, it will introduce si gnificant computational voids, and if it is too small, it will lead to a decrease in operator efficiency. To leave enough room for dynamic adjustments, we recommend that the longer the sequence being processed, the larger the max-num-batched-tokens should be set. Recommended values:

Sequence Length	max-num-batched-tokens
64k	20480
128k	32768

Online Calibration

For optimal performance, online calibrate with real data before production:

You can use aisbench to generate fixed-length random datasets. Refer to Using AISBench for performance evaluation for details.

1. Modify <YOUR_AISBENCH_PATH>/benchmark/ais_bench/datasets/synthetic/synthetic_config.py:

synthetic_config = {
    "Type": "string",
    "RequestCount": 5,
    "TrustRemoteCode": False,
    "StringConfig": {
        "Input": {
            "Method": "uniform",
            "Params": {"MinValue": 131072, "MaxValue": 131072}  # Your max sequence length, max-model-len
        },
        "Output": {
            "Method": "uniform",
            "Params": {"MinValue": 1, "MaxValue": 1}
        }
    },
}

2. Run for online calibration:

ais_bench --models vllm_api_stream_chat --datasets synthetic_gen --mode perf --debug

Configure online calibration data length to match your max-model-len. Use batch_size=1 and ensure data differs to avoid cache hits if prefix caching is enabled.

Performance

Refer to Using AISBench for performance evaluation for details.

To evaluate the effectiveness of Dynamic Chunked Pipeline Parallel in long sequence LLM inference scenarios, we use DeepSeek-V3.1-W8A8 and Qwen3-235B, deploy P instance in Ascend Atlas A3 inference products*64G (A3), the configuration and performance data are as follows.

Fixed-length requests, concurrency=1:

• DeepSeek-V3.1-W8A8:

  Configuration	CPP (Dynamic Chunk, chunksize=32k)	PP (Static Chunk, chunksize=32k)
  Input length 128k	TTFT: 22.5s	TTFT: 27.0s

• Qwen3-235B:

  Configuration	CPP (Dynamic Chunk, chunksize=32k)	PP (Static Chunk, chunksize=32k)
  Input length 256k	TTFT: 53.5s	TTFT: 61.4s

Variable-length requests, concurrency=4:

• DeepSeek-V3.1-W8A8:

  Configuration	4k~64k Input, mean=32k, std=32k prefix hit rate=99%
  CPP2TP8	Input throughput: 22424 tps/card
  DP2TP8	Input throughput: 16150 tps/card
  PCP2TP8	Input throughput: 18197 tps/card
  TP16	Input throughput: 18875 tps/card

Constraints

• Pipeline Parallelism Required: --pipeline-parallel-size > 1

• Chunked Prefill Required: --enable-chunked-prefill

• Incompatible with Balance Scheduling: Cannot enable VLLM_ASCEND_BALANCE_SCHEDULING

• Startup Overhead: Profiling adds ~64 forward passes (tens of seconds)